Evaluation of the effect of automotive bumper recycling by life-cycle inventory analysis

This paper describes a case study of the application of life-cycle inventory analysis to automotive bumper recycling. Two scenarios of bumper recycling are compared. One is “bumper-to-bumper recycling,” in which we recycle bumpers into more bumpers. The other is “cascade recycling,” in which bumpers are recycled into different parts of a car with a lower function. Inventory analysis is applied to both these recycling scenarios by analyzing the stages of acquiring natural resources, manufacturing materials, and parts, disposal, and recycling. We chose air emission, solid waste, and fossil fuel resources as items of the inventory analysis. We quantified the effect of reductions in the environmental load by recycling bumpers, and found that reductions in the environmental load were larger with cascade recycling than with bumper-to-bumper recycling based on current conditions. Received: February 2, 2000 / Accepted: April 21, 2000     

EFFECT OF ORIENTATION OF SPATIALLY DISTRIBUTED CURVE NUMBERS IN RUNOFF CALCULATIONS1

ABSTRACT: The NRCS curve number approach to runoff estimation has traditionally been to average or “lump” spatial variability into a single number for purposes of expediency and simplicity in calculations. In contrast, the weighted runoff curve number approach, which handles each individual pixel within the watershed separately, tends to result in larger estimates of runoff than the lumped approach. This work proposes further enhancements that consider not only spatial variability, but also the orientation of this variability with respect to the flow aggregation pattern of the drainage network. Results show that the proposed enhancements lead to much reduced estimates of runoff production. A revised model that considers overland flow lengths, consistent with existing NRCS concepts is proposed, which leads to only mildly reduced runoff estimates. Although more physically‐based, this revised model, which accounts directly for spatially distributed curve numbers and flow aggregation, leads to essentially the same results as the original, lumped runoff model when applied to three study watersheds. Philosophical issues and implications concerning the appropriateness of attempting to disaggregate lumped models are discussed.     

黄浦江表层水体中有机氯农药的分布特征

用双柱GC-ECD对黄浦江表层水体中的20种有机氯农药(OCPs)进行了分析,水体中ρ(OCPs)为87.28～148.97 ng/L,含量较高的组分有β-BHC,δ-BHC,α-BHC,4,4′-DDT和七氯等,ρ(BHCs)高于ρ(DDTs),分别为42.13～75.47和3.83～20.90 ng/L.组分分布特征表明,水体中BHCs主要为环境中的早期残留,在淀峰断面显示近期输入特征;水体中DDTs显示近期输入特征.高平潮时ρ(OCPs)低于低平潮,高平潮时大量长江水的涌入对黄浦江水体中的有机氯农药起到一定的稀释作用.水体中有机氯农药呈现较明显的季节性变化,丰水期含量高于枯水期,丰水期农田径流和土壤剥蚀作用的加强是导致水体中ρ(OCPs)升高的重要原因,说明黄浦江水体中有机氯农药的来源具有面源特征;水温升高加强了沉积物中有机氯农药的二次释放与其他地区相比较,黄浦江表层水体中ρ(OCPs)较低,ρ(DDTs)和ρ(BHCs)均未超过地表水环境质量标准限值.      

Evaluation and Improvement of a Dry Deposition Model using SO2 and O3 Measurements over a Mixed Forest

A dry deposition model (RDM) for operational application has beenevaluated and modified in the present study. Field measurements of friction velocity and dry deposition velocity of SO₂ andO₃ over a mixed forest have been used to evaluate RDM. It was found that RDM predicts friction velocities very close to measurements and thus it can predict reasonable aerodynamic resistance. RDM overestimated O₃ deposition during dry nighttime conditions and underestimated both O₃ andSO₂deposition for early morning hours. It could not predict the mean diurnal variation in deposition velocity for either O₃ or SO₂ deposition under wet surface conditions. Modifications have been made for O₃ and SO₂ dry deposition based on the comparison of results and based upon additional published data. Compared to an earlier version of RDM, the modified versionpredicts better results for O₃ and SO₂ dry deposition,especially under rain and dew conditions.     

TEMPORAL RESPONSES OF SURFACE‐WATER AND GROUND‐WATER TO PRECIPITATION IN ILLINOIS1

ABSTRACT: Illinois data from 168 months (1986–1999) were investigated to determine the responses of surface‐water and ground‐water resources to precipitation. Such responses were generally within the month of occurrence or one to two months later, with recovery being reached another one to three months into the future, depending on season of the year. Although the drought of 1988 immediately impacted surface‐water and ground‐water resources, the time of recovery was substantially longer compared to those of individual dry months, generally continuing for several months. The extremely wet summer of 1993 resulted in elevated responses in water resources almost immediately, but in this instance continued through the following fall and winter, into the spring of 1994.     

东辽河流域地表水水质空间格局演化

受人类活动和流域生态水文过程(Eco-hydrological processes)的影响,东辽河流域地表水污染严重,水质具有明显的地域分异特征.通过1983～1999年对东辽河流域地表水质分析及历年来水文和社会经济资料整理,建立流域地表水污染重心模型,探讨了东辽河流域地表水水质空间演化特征.研究结果表明,受到自然条件和社会经济活动演化的影响,东辽河流域地表水污染重心位置有逐渐向上游方向迁移的趋势受自然条件的季节变化和农业季节性开发活动的影响,东辽河流域污染重心的季节变化较之年际变化更为剧烈,从全年变化趋势看,污染重心有向流域上游迁移的趋势.从流域管理的角度看,东辽河流域在治理点源和非点源污染的同时,还要从全流域的角度出发,加强流域生态水文过程的调节.     

流域地表生态信息的卫星遥感图像处理技术

以福建省九龙江流域为例,利用计算机技术和遥感-GIS工具软件,探讨利用多源卫星遥感影像获取流域地表环境信息的图像处理与分析技术,列举卫星遥感可获取的流域地表生态环境专题信息。重点分析利用遥感-GIS界定流域范围的方法、流域地表覆盖状况和植被覆盖密度的卫星遥感影像处理方法。      

中国陆地地表水生态系统服务功能及其生态经济价值评价

根据水生态系统提供服务特点,可将水的生态系统服务功能划分为具有直接使用价值的产品和具有间接使用价值的支持系统功能两大类。在评价中,将我国陆地水生态系统分为河流、水库、湖泊、沼泽4个类型,结合基础数据的可获得性,建立了由生活及工农业供水、水力发电、内陆航运、水产品生产、休闲娱乐5个直接使用价值指标和调蓄洪水、河流输沙、蓄积水分、保持土壤、净化水质、固定碳、维持生物多样性7个间接使用价值指标构成的评价指标体系。以2000年为评价基准年份,对全国陆地水生态系统生态经济价值进行了评价,结果表明,陆地地表水生态系统2000年的直接使用价值为4263.91×10⁸元,间接使用价值为5546.92×10⁸元,总价值为9810.83×10⁸元,相当于2000年我国国内生产总值的10.97%。     

长江黄河源区冰川变化及其对河川径流的影响

以位于青藏高原长江源头的各拉丹冬地区和黄河源区的阿尼玛卿山地区冰川为例,利用两期遥感影像资料(长江源为1969年和2000年,黄河源为1966年和2000年),在地理信息系统技术的支持下分析研究区典型冰川作用区小冰期(LIA)、1969年(1966年)和2000年的冰川范围变化、冰川进退情况,在此基础上,运用由点到面的研究方法,外推整个长江和黄河源区近几十年来的冰川变化情况,并以沱沱河流域为例,分析了冰川变化对河川径流的影响。结果表明,长江源各拉丹冬地区1969～2000年冰川总面积减少了1.7%,而黄河源阿尼玛卿山地区冰川面积减少是长江源区的10倍,同期,长江源区冰川末端的最大退缩速率为每年41.5m,而黄河源区每年为57.4m,与黄河源区相比,长江源区冰川退缩速度不是太大,基本上处于稳定状态,且有前进冰川存在。20世纪60年代以来,江河源区冰川虽呈长期退缩的总趋势,但也出现过明显的前进,长江源区在1969年～1995年,黄河源区在1966年至1981年,大多数冰川处于前进状态或稳定。长江源区冰川转入退缩阶段的时间要比黄河源区晚约10a左右。冰川退缩使长江源区和黄河源区年均各自损失冰川水资源约0.7×108m³。由于长江源区冰川变化幅度小,虽冰川退缩使冰川融水径流量有所增加,但对径流的影响程度相对较小。     

室内颗粒物在玻璃表面的沉积与黏附特性

为研究室内颗粒物的自然沉降和黏附玻璃表面的规律,将普通硅酸盐玻璃载玻片以与水平面呈不同夹角(0°,45°和90°)放置于实验室中,研究载玻片表面在未处理、经玻璃清洗剂或TiO₂处理条件下,不同放置时间(1,3,10和30 d)内其黏附颗粒物的特性.结果表明:经TiO₂预处理的载玻片表面黏附的颗粒物质量与放置时间呈正比,与水平面夹角呈反比;而未处理和经玻璃清洗剂处理的载玻片的上述关系不明显.经清洗剂预处理的载玻片表面的颗粒物数浓度、遮光比相对较小,说明可以通过表面预处理防止玻璃表面黏尘.载玻片表面黏附颗粒物的平均粒径不随放置时间、与水平面夹角和预处理试剂种类变化而明显改变,粒径主要集中在15～25 μm.